GYMNASTICS
NAME: YEN PAMA BSED
2B
MAPE major
Yenhny79@gmail.com
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
GOA, CAMARINES SUR
COED
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Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring
physical strength, flexibility, power, agility, coordination, and balance.
Internationally, all of the competitive gymnastic sports are governed by
the Fédération Internationale de
Gymnastique (FIG). Each country has its own national governing
body affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of
the gymnastic sports. It typically involves the women's events of uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and vault. Men's events are floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars,
and high bar. Gymnastics evolved from exercises
used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for
mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills.
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Other gymnastic disciplines
include: trampolining, Team Gym, tumbling, rhythmic gymnastics, aerobic gymnastics and acrobatic gymnastics. Participants can
include children as young as 20 months old doing kindergym and children's
gymnastics, recreational gymnasts of ages 5 and up, competitive gymnasts at
varying levels of skill, and world class athletes.
Etymology
The word gymnastics derives from the
common Greek adjective γυμνός (gymnos) meaning
"naked", by
way of the related verb γυμνάζω (gymnazo), whose meaning is "to
train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to
train, to exercise". The
verb had this meaning, because athletes exercised and competed without clothing
History
Exercises
of the ancient Greeks began with athletic feats
performed by each individual according to his own notion. The youth were
encouraged to combine exercise with amusement. In time, this kind of exercise
was incorporated into a system that figured prominently in the state regulations
for education. In fact, the period for exercise or gymnastics was equal to the
time spent on art and music combined. All
Greek cities had a gymnasium, a courtyard for jumping,
running, and wrestling. The term included stretching exercises and warm-up
preparations for athletes (from the Greek athlete ἆθλος âthlos, which means "struggle",
"fight"). These tests were all based on military exercises.
The
Roman Empire began to ascend and Greek gymnastics began to give way to military
training. The wooden horse was introduced by the ancient Romans, later became
the vaulting horse and then vaulting table of modern day gymnastics. In the
year 393 A.D., the Olympic Games were abolished by Emperor Theodosius and
gymnastics was, therefore, abolished.
In the year 1569, Girolamo Mercuriale from Forlì (Italy) wrote Le
Arte Gymnastica, that brought together his study of the attitudes of the
ancients toward diet, exercise and hygiene, and the use of natural methods for
the cure of disease. De Arte Gymnastica also explained the
principles of physical therapy and is considered the first book on sports
medicine.
In the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth century Germany, three pioneer physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839)
and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) –
created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that
ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francisco Amorós y
Ondeano, marquis de Sotelo, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valence and died
on August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to
introduce educative gymnastic in France. In particular, Jahn crafted early
models of the horizontal bar, the parallel bars (from
a horizontal ladder with the rungs removed), and the vaulting
horse.
The Federation of International
Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881.[5] By
the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular
enough to be included in the first "modern" Olympic Games in
1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international
competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the
rubric,gymnastics, that would seem strange to today's audiences and that
included for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high
jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and
participated in gymnastics events. The first women's Olympic competition was
primitive, for it involved only synchronized calisthenics, was held at the 1928
Games, in Amsterdam.
By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and
events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and
uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been
agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts
astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting
a precedent that continues. The new medium of television has helped publicize
and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now
attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can be
found on every continent.Nadia
Comăneci received the first perfect score, at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada. She was
coached in Romania by coach, (Hungarian ethnicity), Béla Károlyi.
Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven bars, two on the balance
beam and one in the floor exercise.[6] Even
with Nadia's perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to the Soviet Union.
Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon.
In 2006, a new points system for
Artistic gymnastics was put into play. With an A Score (or D score) being the
difficulty score, which as of 2009 is based on the top 8 high scoring elements
in a routine (excluding Vault). The B Score (or E Score), is the score for
execution, and is given for how well the skills are performed.
Artistic
gymnastics
Artistic
gymnastics is usually divided into Men's and Women's Gymnastics. Typically men
compete on six events: Floor Exercise, Pommel Horse, Still Rings, Vault,
Parallel Bars, and High Bar, while women compete on four: Vault, Uneven Bars,
Balance Beam, and Floor Exercise. In some countries, women at one time competed
on the rings, high bar, and parallel bars (for example, in the 1950s in
the USSR).
Though routines performed on each event may be short, they are physically
exhausting and push the gymnast's strength, flexibility, endurance and
awareness to the limit.
In
2006, FIG introduced a new points system for Artistic gymnastics in which
scores are no longer limited to 10 points. The system is used in the US for
elite level competition.Unlike
the old code of points, there are two separate scores. An execution score and a
difficulty score. In the previous system, the "execution score" was
the only score. It was and still is out of 10.00. During the gymnast's
performance, the judges deduct from this score only. A fall, on or off the
event, is a 1.00 deduction, in elite level gymnastics. The introduction of the
difficulty score is a significant change. The gymnast's difficulty score is
based on what elements they perform and is subject to change if they do not
perform or complete all the skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be
connected to another. Connection bonuses are the most common deduction from a
difficulty score, as it can be difficult to connect multiple flight elements.
It is very hard to connect skills if the first skill is not performed
correctly. The new code of points allows the gymnasts to gain higher scores
based on the difficulty of the skills they perform as well as their execution.
Rhythmic gymnastics
Only
women compete in rhythmic gymnastics although there is a new version of this
discipline for men being pioneered in Japan (see Men's rhythmic gymnastics). This is a sport
that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus
manipulation. The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with
the use of five apparatus—ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope—on a floor area, with
a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. There are
also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their choice.
Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points; the score for
artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of
the moves and then added to the score for execution.
International
competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth;
and Seniors, for women sixteen and over again by their year of birth. Gymnasts
in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at
their peak are typically in their late teens (15–19) or early twenties. The
largest events in the sport are the Olympic Games, World Championships, World
Cup and Grand-Prix Tournaments.
Trampolining and tumbling
Trampoline Gymnastics consists of four events; Individual
Trampoline, Synchronized Trampoline, Double Mini Trampoline, and Tumbling.
The routines are judged according to difficulty and execution as seen in others
sports such as diving.
Individual Trampoline
The sport of Trampolining has
seen considerable advances in the equipment used, in its governance and its
training. It has recently become an Olympic event. A competitor performs two
routines; a compulsory and a voluntary (optional). The compulsory routine
consists of 10 pre-set skills, with the routine judged only on performance
(execution) and not the difficulty. Optional routines also consist of ten
skills, which are chosen by the competitor. The routines are comprised of ten
different skills performed one after the other, with no breaks or extra jumps
in between. For a skilled trampolinist, skills are performed at heights of over
30 feet above the trampoline with triple somersaults and multiple twists both
forwards and backwards.
Synchronized Trampoline
This event is similar to
individual trampoline in routine composition and judging, however two
competitors perform the same routine at the same time on two separate
trampolines. This event is by far the most artistic of the four, and requires
the additional factor of precision timing. The routines are scored with the
additional scoring of how well synchronized they remain throughout the
routine.
Double Mini Trampoline
This event takes place on a
smaller trampoline with the competitor running up to jump onto the trampoline
performing a skill, landing back on the trampoline and performing a dismount
skill onto a landing mat. The athlete performs two different routines with
different skills in
Acrobatic
gymnastics
Acrobatic
gymnastics (formerly Sport Acrobatics), often referred to as "Acro"
if involved with the sport, acrobatic sports or simply sports acro, is a group
gymnastic discipline for both men and women. Acrobats in groups of two, three
and four perform routines with the heads, hands and feet of their partners.
They may, subject to regulations (e.g. no lyrics), pick their own music.
There
are four international age categories: 11-16, 12-18, 13-19, and Senior (15+),
which are used in the World Championships and many other events around the
world, including European Championships and World Games. All levels require a
balance and dynamic routine, 12-18, 13-19, and Seniors are also required to
perform a final (combined) routine.
Currently acrobatic gymnastics is
marked out of 30.00 (can be higher at Senior FIG level based on difficulty):
10.00 for routine difficulty,
(valued from the tables of difficulties)
Aerobic gymnastics
Aerobic
gymnastics (formally Sport Aerobics) involves the performance of routines by
individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength,
flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills.
Routines are performed for all individuals on a 7x7m floor and also for 12–14
and 15–17 trios and mixed pairs. From 2009, all senior trios and mixed pairs were
required to be on the larger floor (10x10m), all groups also perform on this
floor. Routines generally last 60–90 seconds depending on age
TeamGym
TeamGym (also known as
"Gymnastics for All") has it origins in earliest times.These days,
although teams can compete the sport itself was developed to enhance fitness
and health in the participants and is accessible to anyone of any age. In 1984
Gymnastics for All was officially recognized first as a Sport Program by the
FIG (International Gymnastic Federation), and subsequently by national
gymnastic federations world wide with participants that now number 30 million.
The TeamGym competition is one of the latest new events
within the UEG. The first official competition was held in Finland in 1996 and
it takes place every even-numbered year. TeamGym is a team competition for
clubs and consist of three sections: women, men and mixed teams.
TeamGym competitions
exhibit gymnastic skills in three different disciplines; floor, tumbling and
trampet. In common for the performance is effective teamwork, good technique in
the element and spectacular acrobatic elements. The TeamGym competition
characterizes of a very good spirit and atmosphere. The event is attractive for
spectators and media as well as sponsors.
Floor Programme
All
members of the Team take part in the floor program, composed of a mixture of
dance, flexibility and skill. The routine has to be skillfully choreographed
and the judges look out for changes in shape. There needs to be at least two
spins, two balances and two section elements. These section elememts are
bodywaves for women's teams, power elements for men's teams and lifts for mixed
teams. Floor routines are performed to music.
Trampette
Here
a trampette is used. There are two components of this; Vault and the Trampette
on its own. There has to be three runs in total. At least one of these runs has
to be a vault run. Another run has to include all the gymnasts doing the same
move. This is generally the first run. This is also performed to music.
Tumbling
Again,
here there are three runs (rounds) involved. One of which has to include all
six gymnasts doing a forwards series. Another run also has to include the
gymnasts completing the same move. Each series must have at least three
different acrobatic elements.
References:
1. wikipedia.org( 2013),http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics
